Synthetic Peptides Good Candidates for Diagnostic Tests
Using peptides to detect, measure specific antibodies can yield highly accurate and reliable results
Common inflammatory disorders such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease can be diagnosed or monitored by measuring the protein calprotectin in stool samples, while serum levels of calprotectin could be used to monitor the inflammation status in rheumatoid arthritis. Calprotectin concentrations in patient samples are typically determined using antibodies that bind and detect the protein, e.g., in lateral flow assays like the now all-too-familiar COVID-19 at-home test kits.
But there is a problem with antibody-based calprotectin assays: the results can vary depending on the type of antibody and assay used. This happens because antibodies may bind to different sites on the protein, or might not have a uniform composition. The antibodies can also become inactivated over time due to unfolding or precipitation.
Peptides as high-affinity diagnostic reagents
One possible solution is to use peptides instead of antibodies to detect and measure disease markers like calprotectin. Peptides are sequences of up to 50 amino acids that can bind to proteins with high affinity and selectivity, but, unlike antibodies, they can be chemically produced with high purity and homogeneity. In addition, peptides are stable over time, are cheaper to produce than antibodies and with lower inter-batch variability, and can be attached to a specific location on a surface, significantly simplifying diagnostic assay development because it allows for a more accurate and controlled way of detecting biomarkers.
With this idea, Christian Gerhold, PhD, CTO of the diagnostics company, BÜHLMANN Laboratories AG, worked with the group of Christian Heinis, PhD, professor at École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), to develop human calprotectin ligands based on peptides. From a library of more than 500 billion different peptides, Cristina Diaz-Perlas, PhD, a postdoctoral student in Heinis’ group, isolated several binders of calprotectin, and showed that the peptides are suited for calprotectin quantification in simplified lateral flow assays. The best peptide had a dissociation constant of 26 nM—a measure of how tightly the peptide binds to calprotectin, making it a good candidate for diagnostic tests.
The peptide binds to a large surface region of calprotectin and also to a specific form of calprotectin that is the relevant species in patient samples. Under the guidance of Benjamin Ricken, PhD, head of Point of Care & Self Testing Development, at BÜHLMANN Laboratories AG, the peptide was finally tested in professionally assembled lateral flow cassettes and found that it was suited for accurate detection and quantification of calprotectin. In a proof-of-concept study, this setup was used to quantify the concentration of calprotectin in serum obtained from patient blood samples.
Way forward
The peptide developed is the first synthetic affinity reagent that could be generated against the biomarker calprotectin. “The EPFL and BÜHLMANN teams are currently performing more tests with the calprotectin-specific peptide to translate the assay into a product that can bring the diagnostic power of this increasingly important biomarker to a new level to help patients suffering from inflammatory diseases,” says Heinis.
Gerhold adds: “This collaboration greatly benefited from BÜHLMANN's knowhow to produce and handle the biomarker, and the expertise of the EPFL team to generate and screen large combinatorial libraries of peptides by phage display.”
- This press release was originally published on the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne website