Emeritus professor Alastair MacLennan with Mathew Reinersten, from Adelaide, who is an ambassador for the group's cerebral palsy research.
University of Adelaide
An international research team including the University of Adelaide has found further evidence that rare gene mutations can cause cerebral palsy, findings which could lead to earlier diagnosis and new treatments for this devastating movement disorder.
In the study published in the journal Nature Genetics, researchers employed gene sequencing to examine the DNA of 250 cerebral palsy families, and compared this to a control group of almost 1,800 unaffected families. They then demonstrated the impact rare gene mutations can have on movement control using a fruit fly model.
The findings have important clinical implications. They will provide some answers to parents, as well as guide health care and family planning such as counseling for recurrence risk—often quoted as around one percent but could be as high as 10 percent when factoring in genetic risks.
Co-author of the research, emeritus professor Alastair MacLennan, AO, at the University of Adelaide, says the new study confirms the pioneering work of the Australian Collaborative Cerebral Palsy Research Group based at the Robinson Research Institute at the University of Adelaide.
"Cerebral palsy is a non-progressive developmental movement disorder impacting motor function, which affects approximately one in every 700 births in Australia and a similar number worldwide," MacLennan said. "Symptoms range from mild to severe and can include intellectual disability."
He added: "Historically, cerebral palsy was considered largely the result of perinatal asphyxia—decreased oxygen to the baby's brain at birth, however this has only been in found in eight-10 percent of cases. Eliminating other known causes, including premature birth and trauma at birth, this leaves a large number of cases—as many as 40 percent in some studies—with an unknown origin."
Over many years, researchers at the University of Adelaide have advocated that cerebral palsy is often caused by rare genetic variations (or mutations) which disrupt a child's control of movement and posture.
"Where previous studies have indicated underlying genetic causes in cerebral palsy, this study is the largest to date and includes in-depth statistical modeling and new controls to overcome limitations of earlier research," MacLennan said.
Co-author and professor Jozef Gecz, Channel 7 Children's Research Foundation Chair for the Prevention of Childhood Disability and Head of Neurogenetics at the University of Adelaide, says, as a conservative estimate, 14 percent of cerebral palsy families in the study had an excess of damaging genetic mutations and inherited recessive gene variations.
"Genes don't like to change; as soon as a gene is altered in any way you disturb its programming, and it can no longer perfectly perform what it's designed to do," said Gecz, who is South Australia's Scientist of the Year 2019. "Our US collaborators were able to disturb the same genes in fruit fly as found in humans, and in three out of four instances, it severely altered the movement of either fruit fly larvae or adults or both.
The gene mutations were mostly spontaneous new variants occurring in the sperm or an egg of the parents, who are otherwise not affected."
In some cases, identification of specific gene variations in individuals in the study led to new recommendations for patient health management, including treatments that would not have been initiated otherwise.
"As little as 30 years ago, we were very limited in treatments for cerebral palsy, and the outlook for anyone diagnosed was grim," said Gecz. "As we come to recognize the role of genetics in cerebral palsy, we open the door for new treatments, earlier diagnosis and intervention, which could lead to greatly improved quality of life."
Other benefits of the study include a potential reduction in litigation, and evidence for further research to identify other damaging genetic variants in human DNA.
"The more we understand about the role of genetics in causing cerebral palsy, the closer we get to learning how to prevent it," Gecz said.
- This press release was originally published on the University of Adelaide Newsroom
