A diagnosis of heart failure is achieved with a patient history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging. More recently, cardiac biomarkers (enzymes, proteins, and hormones) released into circulation as a result of cardiac stress or damage have become valuable adjuncts to current diagnostic methods.
Cardiac biomarkers may be used for heart failure diagnosis, prognosis, and for guiding therapy. Here we examine multiple biomarkers as well as clinical trials that examine their use for heart failure therapy guidance.
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