Critical Window for Re-Infection with HIV after Stem Cell Transplantation

Scanning electron microscopic image of a HIV (yellow) infected T cell (red).

NIAID

Some people with HIV need to undergo an allogeneic stem cell transplantation in order to treat different types of blood cancer. Most of the patient's immune cells are eliminated during these transplantations. Stem cells from a healthy donor are then used to replace the patient's damaged bone marrow and restore their immune system.

"In the first weeks after an allogeneic stem cell transplantation, during which the donor's cells and the patient's cells still exist together, the CD4+ T cells (helper cells) were strongly activated. This activation could promote reactivation of the HI virus and re-seeding of the infection in expanding CD4+ donor T-cells," according to the study's first author, Dr. Johanna Eberhard from the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE).

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In cooperation with researchers from the Pasteur Institute, Eberhard found that new, specific T-cell responses to HIV proteins from donor cells developed after this time. This indicates that the donor cells were in contact with HI viruses during their expansion and had learnt to react against them. This confirms the existence of a "window of vulnerability" during which infection of donor cells can occur, said Eberhard.

"Together with the results of previous studies, these results show a weak point that may explain why allogeneic stem cell transplants may not completely remove the virus from the body, despite a drastic reduction in the number of infected cells. Additional immunotherapy or gene therapy may be required to achieve ongoing, spontaneous control of HIV infection in people with HIV after allogeneic stem cell transplantation," said the co-author of the study, associate professor Dr. Julian Schulze zur Wiesch, senior physician in the medical clinic and polyclinic of the UKE, who carries out research with his working group at the German Center for Infection Research on topics related to curing HIV.

- This press release was originally published on the German Center for Infection Research website