3D Printing Lays the Foundation for New Diagnostic Tests
Researchers have developed a 3D printing technique that extends the possibilities of lateral flow testing
Researchers at KU Leuven (Belgium) have developed a 3D printing technique that extends the possibilities of lateral flow testing. These tests are widespread in the form of the classic pregnancy test and COVID-19 self-tests. With the new printing technique, advanced diagnostic tests can be produced that are quick, cheap, and easy to use.
The COVID-19 pandemic has made everyone aware of the importance of rapid diagnosis. The sale of point-of-care self-tests in pharmacies has been permitted in Belgium since the end of March. This self-test is a so-called lateral flow test. Using a swab, a sample is taken through the nose. Next, it is dissolved in a solvent, and applied to the test kit. Absorbent material in the kit moves the sample downstream and brings it in contact with an antibody. If virus is present, a colored line appears. The advantage of these tests is that they are cheap and do not require any specialized equipment.
Lateral flow tests are useful for simple tests that result in a yes or no answer, but not for tests that require a multistep protocol. That is why bioengineers at KU Leuven set out to develop a new type of lateral flow test with more capabilities.
Precise prints
Using a 3D printer, the researchers fabricated a 3D version of a lateral flow test. The basis is a small block of porous polymer, in which “inks” with specific properties are printed at precise locations. In this way, a network of channels and small “locks” are printed that allow or block the flow where and when necessary, without the need for moving parts. During the test, the sample is automatically guided through the different test steps. That way, even complex protocols can be followed.
The researchers evaluated their technique reproducing an ELISA test (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), which is used to detect immunoglobulin E (IgE). IgE is measured to diagnose allergies. In the lab, this test requires several steps, with different rinses and a change in acidity. The research team was able to run this entire protocol using a printed test kit the size of a thick credit card.
Complexity is not a cost
"The great thing about 3D printing is that you can quickly adapt a test's design to accommodate another protocol, for example, to detect a cancer biomarker. For the 3D printer, it does not matter how complex the network of channels is," says Dr. Cesar Parra. The 3D printing technique is also affordable and scalable. "In our lab, producing the IgE prototype test costs about one dollar and fifty cents, but if we can scale it up, it would be less than a dollar," says Parra. The technique not only offers opportunities for cheaper and faster diagnosis in developed countries, but also in countries where the medical infrastructure is less accessible and where there is a strong need for affordable diagnostic tests.
The research group is currently designing its own 3D printer, which will be more flexible than the commercial model used in the current study. "An optimized printer is kind of like a mobile mini factory that can quickly produce diagnostics. You could then create different types of tests by simply loading a different design file and ink. We want to continue our research on diagnostic challenges and applications with the help of partners," concludes innovation manager Bart van Duffel.
- This press release was originally published on the KU Leuven website